Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. All isotopes of an element behave the same way chemically for the most part.The atom consist of a small but massive nucleus surrounded by a cloud of rapidly moving electrons. The atomic weights given inside the back cover of this book are all weighted averages of the isotopes occurring in nature, and these are the figures we shall use henceforth-unless we are specifically discussing one isotope. Chlorine occurs in nature as 75.53% chlorine-35 (34.97 amu) and 24.47% chlorine-37 (36.97 amu), so the weighted average of the isotope weights is The average is weighted according to the percent abundance of the isotopes. (For example, the atomic weight of chlorine-37 is 36.966, which is rounded to 37.) If there are several isotopes of an element in nature, then of course the experimentally observed atomic weight (the natural atomic weight) will be the weighted average of the isotope weights. Since mass losses upon formation of an atom are small, the mass number is usually the same as the atomic weight rounded to the nearest integer. The chlorine isotope has 17 protons and 20 neutrons: Protons:Įach isotope of an element is characterized by an atomic number (total number of protons), a mass number (total number of protons and neutrons), and an atomic weight (mass of atom in atomic mass units). Compare this with the actual atomic weight of this isotope as given in Table 1-2. Helium nucleus or alpha particle, He 2+ or αĬalculate the expected atomic weight of the isotope of chlorine that has 20 neutrons. The terms atomic weight and molecular weight are universally used by working scientists, and will be used in this book, even though these are technically masses rather than weights. Nuclei that have too many of either kind of fundamental particle are unstable, and break down radioactively in ways that are discussed in Chapter 23. The more protons, the greater the ratio of neutrons to protons to ensure stability. For a nucleus to be stable, the number of neutrons should (for the first few elements) equal or slightly exceed the number of protons. In discussing these isotopes, we use the. Hence the isotope symbols are usually written without the subscript: 35Cl and 37Cl. Strictly speaking, the subscript is unnecessary, since all atoms of chlorine have 17 protons. The symbols for the two naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine then would be Cl and Cl. To write the symbol for an isotope, place the atomic number as a subscript and the mass number (protons plus neutrons) as a superscript to the left of the atomic symbol. Only two chlorine isotopes exist in significant amounts in nature, those with 18 neutrons (75.53% of all chlorine atoms found in nature), and those with 20 neutrons (24.47%). All atoms of chlorine (Cl) have 17 protons, but there are chlorine isotopes having 15 to 23 neutrons. Four isotopes of helium (He) are shown in Figure 1-1. These differing atoms of the same element are called isotopes. \)Īlthough all atoms of an element have the same number of protons, the atoms may differ in the number of neutrons they have (Table 1-2).
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It comes with a fingerguard, protective glove, and non-slip base to ensure you and your family stay safe during use. Moreover, the slicer is dishwasher safe and comes with a specialized cleaning tool, making cleanup quick and easy.įullstar has prioritized safety with this mandoline slicer. The compact design is not only practical but also makes storage and organization a breeze. This versatile mandoline slicer by Fullstar offers a total of 6 interchangeable blades, providing an impressive range of slicing, grating, and spiralizing options for your meal prep needs.
(“The beginning sound of dog is /d/.” “The ending sound of sit is /t/. Isolating and saying the first or last sound in a word (“ Bell, bike, and boy all have /b/ at the beginning.”) A: we seek to use use distributed word embeddings in tandem with dictionary definitions to obtain a high level understanding of verbs. Recognizing which words in a set of words begin with the same sound Thus, violence detection is also proved as emerging computer vision problem by number of researches in this field. Violence detection is also a part of activity recognition. Children can demonstrate phonemic awareness in several ways, including: As activity recognition becomes hot topic with in computer vision. Manipulating the sounds in words includes blending, stretching, or otherwise changing words. Phonemic awareness is the ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds ( phonemes) in spoken words. Other forms of biometric software include voice recognition, fingerprint recognition, and eye. Facial recognition is a category of biometric security. Facial recognition systems can be used to identify people in photos, videos, or in real-time. The most sophisticated - and last to develop - is called phonemic awareness. Facial recognition is a way of identifying or confirming an individual’s identity using their face. Examples include being able to identify words that rhyme, counting the number of syllables in a name, recognizing alliteration, segmenting a sentence into words, and identifying the syllables in a word. Phonological awareness is made up of a group of skills. Phonological awareness is a critical early literacy skill that helps kids recognize and work with the sounds of spoken language. New “Label” tool, allows you to click on entities or selections to apply labels to them. With this tool, you can speed up model organization by tagging objects directly in the modeling window, quickly clean up unwanted tags, and improve reporting fidelity by bulk modifying the tagging of component instances.Search is now a feature in SketchUp Pro that allows you to quickly find and activate native commands and installed extensions.But with all that power, you’re going to need to know exactly what you want to design before you start your project. Its main use is for video game development and animation, but you can practically create any 3D printable model you want. It offers an advanced mesh-based direct modeling software to create, well, anything you want really. If you’re looking to deepen your knowledge of CAD software, look no further than Blender. SketchUp can only offer the basics of 3D modeling. 3D class video card with 512 MB of memory or higher and support for hardware acceleration 3-button, scroll-wheel mouse. 3D class video card with 512 MB of memory or higher and support for hardware acceleration Where can you run this program?Ī powerful but compact tool, Sketchup can run on both Windows and mac OS X devices with these minimum requirements: It only shows a limited set of tools, but all of them are relevant to what you’re doing or the area that you selected. Once you’re confident enough to use the rest of them, just click the arrow to the right of the toolbar.ĭialog Boxes SketchUp doesn’t have a technical name for its dialogue box, but it’s like palettes or inspectors you find in other modeling programs.Ĭontext menu whenever you right-click things in your modeling window, the context menu will appear with commands and options to open. It has all the essential tools and commands to get started. ToolbarSketchUp really makes it a point to do the heavy lifting for you instead of bombarding you with tons of tools to choose from, you’re greeted with the Getting Started toolbar. It’s sort of like a window to the three-dimensional world since it’s always in 3D view of your model, even if you’re looking at it from the top or sides. Modeling Window this is the big area in the middle of your screen, and where you will spend most of your time in SketchUp. It only has four main areas that you need to be familiar with. With the addition of small-scale modeling, SketchUp is just like any program you already use. These limitations are expected given that making model views look like photos are a specialized undertaking. This means you won’t be bothered by providing measurements, plans, and sections, but you also won’t be able to create extremely detailed models like buildings and mansions. SketchUp focuses on making things appear hand-drawn by using non-photorealistic rendering. Well, how you want things to be arranged in 3D that is. You will only work with line and shapes, which gives you the freedom to arrange things how you want it. It’s not even necessary to read it’s manual or be familiar with special geometric concepts. That’s not to say you’ll be a sketch whiz in that time – it just means that SketchUp’s learning curve is shallow. In fact, you can build something recognizable in under four hours. The program’s popularity lies in how quickly you can build something, even if you’re using it for the first time. When it comes to 3D modeling software, it doesn’t get easier than SketchUp. Perfect training ground for new designers Just like Google Earth, it’s a useful but advanced feature. Files Take your inspirations to SketchUp by building a model based on a JPG or CAD file of the product you want to build. In Google Earth It will take some time to learn this, but SketchUp allows you to create a model on top of a Google Earth aerial photograph. You can opt to delete him to start with a completely blank slate. Sketchup gives you three options to begin your designįrom Scratch The home page of SketchUp shows you a little person standing in the middle of your screen. An inexpensive and easy-to-use 3D modeling softwareĪs an artist, your program should not restrict how you want to create a model. Read our BenQ HT2050A review.The best mini projector for iPhone with Bluetooth allows you to project movies or presentations at high quality onto any surface. Its picture is also much better in pretty much every way, so if you're looking for a projector for use around the home, or maybe backyard, and you don't need battery power, it's worth considering. Read our Anker Nebula Cosmos Laser 4K Projector review.īenQ HT2050A: The HT2050 isn't technically a portable projector at all, but it is compact and roughly the same price as one of the more expensive "portable" options. It's nice and bright, but the other downsides - lack of zoom, average overall image quality and a steep price for what you get - keep it off this list. There's also no battery so you'll need to plug it in. Read our Xiaomi Mi Smart Projector 2 review.Īnker Nebula Cosmos Laser 4K: Since it has a handle and a compact size, the Cosmos Laser 4K is technically portable, but it's hardly mini at more than 10 pounds. It's relatively dim, especially for the price, and it lacks both a built-in battery and compatibility with a USB power source, so it's not truly portable. We appreciated the compact size, 1080p resolution and built-in Android TV streaming, but the cons outweigh the pros. Xiaomi Mi Smart Projector 2: Another relatively expensive small projector we didn't love, the Xiaomi at least has a gorgeous, Apple-like design going for it. Worse, its price is a good 50% higher than it should be based on how it looks and performs. However, it lacks a battery and its performance is average, at best. Its built-in streaming is far better implemented than most portable projectors. About the size of a Bluetooth speaker, and in fact can double as one, the Freestyle can pivot on its stand to project an image at any height on walls and even the ceiling. Samsung Freestyle: The small, cylindrical Freestyle is an interesting idea, but it comes up short. The battery doesn't last as long as the AAXA either although it is a bit cheaper. It's not particularly bright, however, nor does it have built-in apps. LG CineBeam PH30N: The LG PH30N is tiny even compared to other portable projectors, even smaller than the AAXA. However, it's dimmer than the Xgimi Halo Plus for similar money. You can even use it as a Bluetooth speaker. Read our Anker Nebula Solar Portable review.īenQ GS50: The GS50 is roughly the same size as the Xgimi Halo Plus, and is also 1080p and has a built-in battery. If you want a sleek, budget-friendly portable with 1080p and plan on keeping the image on the small side, however, this is a solid choice. Its main disadvantage compared to others on this list is its relatively dim image, which means it can't project as large a picture and still look good. But if you want something compact, portable and maybe battery-powered, here are our top picks for the best mini projector.Īnker Nebula Solar Portable: We didn't like the Solar Portable as much as the BenQ GS50, Xgimi Halo Plus or even its sibling, the Mars II Pro. If you're never going to be far from an outlet, a standard projector will get you a much bigger, brighter and better image for similar money. Another is that most portable projectors, especially the cheapest ones, often have lower resolution than their larger counterparts, especially 4K projectors. That means they can't project as large an image as the big guys. One is that many are relatively dim, lacking the brightness of a traditional home theater projector. Portable projectors do come with some drawbacks, though. Many mini projectors can give you access to Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Disney Plus, Hulu and other streaming services without you having to connect a streaming device or laptop. They also offer a handful of connectivity options, including Wi-Fi, HDMI and Bluetooth, and typically run on batteries. Whether you project onto a blank wall or a projector screen, you can watch your favorite shows and movies without getting weighed down. The best portable projectors have perfectly good picture quality and are easy to set up in any room of your house or in the great outdoors (or at least your great outdoors). I didn't know that projectors could be amazing for outdoor movie sessions until I tried one. “There’s also an exciting research agenda in the field to figure out how to make models more transformative,” Henderson says. The scholars also survey some of the proposed strategies to deal with the problem - from filters on the input data and the output content that recognize when AI is pushing the boundaries too far to training models in ways more in line with fair use. Lemley, and Percy Liang, the paper provides a historical context of fair use - a legal principle that allows the use of copyrighted material in certain limited cases without fee or even credit - and lays out several hypotheticals to illustrate the knotty issues AI raises. Written with doctoral candidate Xuechen Li and Stanford professors Dan Jurafsky, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Mark A. Not only could there be civil liability but new precedent set by courts could dramatically curtail how generative AI is trained and used. The consequences of stepping outside fair use boundaries could be considerable. “There’s uncertainty about how lawsuits will come out in this area.” “People in machine learning aren’t necessarily aware of the nuances of fair use and, at the same time, the courts have ruled that certain high-profile real-world examples are not protected fair use, yet those very same examples look like things AI is putting out,” Henderson says. “There’s a lot to think about,” says Peter Henderson, a JD/PhD candidate at Stanford University and co-author of the recent paper, Foundation Models and Fair Use, laying out a complicated landscape. Atkinson in 2013.Most lay people haven’t given a second thought to the fact that most of the words and images in datasets behind artificial intelligent agents like Chat-GPT and DALL-E are copyrighted, but Peter Henderson thinks about it - a lot. Two prizes of $100,000 are presented biennially. The Atkinson Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Sciences (formerly the NAS Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Sciences) is presented to honor significant advances in the psychological and cognitive sciences with important implications for formal and systematic theory in these fields. His work has also helped advance the study of race and gender in computational modeling of language and its application to social justice.Īs co-author of the widely used computational linguistics textbook, Speech and Language Processing, and through his creation of free online lectures and materials, Jurafsky continues to inspire and teach new generations of students. His work in data-driven, probabilistic computations to understand human language processing has enabled new scientific discoveries throughout linguistics, cognitive psychology, and social psychology. His interdisciplinary approach to fundamental research questions – forging links between the study of human language processing and machine language processing, the processing of spoken and written language, the cognitive and the social, and ranging from individual sounds to entire discourses – has pushed the boundaries of computational psycholinguistics. Jurafsky has made landmark contributions to computational linguistics and its application to modeling the social, interactional, and cognitive aspects of human language and its processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencesĭan Jurafsky, Stanford University, received a 2022 Atkinson Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Sciences.Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine.Committee on Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Public Policy. Committee on International Security and Arms Control.Policy on Discrimination, Harassment, and Bullying. So whether your application is dressings and sauces, honey, yogurts, baby foods, jellies and preserves or a host of others, we can help you get it right the first time. The ingredients are introduced through the nozzles at the top of the unit. The tank is jacketed for product heating. Its design permits operating under pressure and in vacuum. The tank is provided with counter-blades to promote mixing of the viscous media. We have a wide range of high shear food mixers available that are ideal for food applications, and unlike other equipment suppliers, Silverson has the flexibility to custom design and build machines to meet your exact specifications. INOXPA’s ViscoMix equipment is intended for production of highly viscous products. This is achieved by a unique and innovative pumping rotor design which substantially increases the mixer’s capacity when compared to standard In-Line mixers, eliminating the need for an additional feed pump. Mixers are usually dual shafts which incorporate a low speed sweep blade that sweeps the tank walls pushing the product into an off-set high speed shaft to feed. At viscosities over 1 million cP, a high-performance mixer must be engineered to withstand enormous mechanical stresses. Whether you’re concerned with reducing production times, process hygiene, powder/liquid mixing, producing stable emulsions, dissolving sugar, disintegrating solids, blending liquids of different viscosities or dispersing and hydrating gums, thickeners and stabilizers, Silverson has a mixing solution for you. Silverson’s High Viscosity (HV) In-Line Mixers offer exceptional flow rates and the ability to process higher viscosity products. High viscosity bung entering drum mixers are used for mixing extra heavy liquids in 55 gallon tight head drums. In fact, for mixers designed for high-volume, high-viscosity applications, the greatest challenges in scale-up occur behind the scenes in engineering and manufacturing the mixers themselves. The tank is provided with counter-blades to promote mixing of the viscous. That’s why our experts will work with you to make sure you get the right mixer for your specific use. INOXPAs ViscoMix equipment is intended for production of highly viscous products. We know that the mixing challenges of the food and beverage industry are unique and constantly changing. At Silverson you get more than a mixer…you get mixing solutions. None of the deaths have been found to be Brightline's fault - most have been suicides, drivers who go around crossing gates or pedestrians running across tracks. The next-worst major railroad has a fatality every 130,000 miles (209,200 kilometers). Then there is the question of safety for residents near the tracks.īrightline trains have the highest death rate in the U.S., fatally striking 98 people since Miami-West Palm operations began - about one death for every 32,000 miles (51,500 kilometers) its trains travel, according to an ongoing Associated Press analysis of federal data that began in 2019. According to the lawsuit, Brightline says Virgin "ceased to constitute a brand of international high repute, largely because of matters related to the pandemic." That case is pending. Brightline terminated the partnership in 2020 and Virgin sued in London. A 2018 partnership with Richard Branson's Virgin Group to rebrand Brightline as Virgin Trains USA quickly soured. COVID-19 shut down the Miami-West Palm Beach line for 17 months. Brightline began planning in 2012.īrightline's development has suffered setbacks, though. Approved by voters in 2008, it isn't near fruition, has already cost billions more than expected and its prospects for completion are uncertain as finding a route through mountains is proving difficult and politicians added dubious side projects. On the government side, Renne pointed to California's effort to build a high-speed rail system. "It is quite exciting for South Florida to kind of be a test bed for what could be seen as a new paradigm for transportation, particularly high-speed rail transportation, in the United States," Renne said.īecause Brightline is privately owned and seeking a profit, it was more sensitive to getting the project completed quickly to save money. If Brightline succeeds that could lead to more high-speed lines between major cities 200 to 300 miles (320 to 480 kilometers) apart, both by Brightline and competitors, he said. John Renne, director of Florida Atlantic University's Center for Urban and Environmental Solutions, said the Miami-Orlando corridor is a perfect spot for high-speed rail - about 40 million Floridians and visitors make the trip annually, with more than 90% of them driving. Brightline plans possible extensions to Tampa and Jacksonville. The Florida trains, which run on biodiesel, will travel up to 79 mph (127 kph) in urban areas, 110 mph (177 kph) in less-populated regions and 125 mph (200 kph) through central Florida's farmland. A new product that's safer, that's greener, that is a great value proposition (and) it's fun." "The idea that my car is the only way for me to get where I need to go is being challenged by a new product. "This is a pretty important moment, whether you're thinking about it in the context of the state of Florida or what it might mean for these kinds of products as they develop elsewhere in the United States," Brightline CEO Mike Reininger said in a recent interview. Amtrak is owned by the federal government. high-speed line is Amtrak's Acela service between Boston and Washington, D.C., which began in 2000. It's also building a line connecting Southern California and Las Vegas that it hopes to open in 2027 with trains that will reach 190 mph. Brightline, which began running its neon-yellow trains the 70 miles (112 kilometers) between Miami and West Palm Beach in 2018, is the first private intercity passenger service to begin U.S. There are four most common backup types implemented and generally used in most of these programs, such as:Ī type of backup defines how data is copied from source to destination and lays the data repository model's grounds or how the back-up is stored and structured. Each backup program has its approach in executing the backup. You can manually perform the backup by copying the data to a different location or automatically using a backup program. Backing up data is only one part of a disaster protection plan and may not provide the level of data and disaster recovery capabilities desired without careful design and testing. Backup software applications reduce the complexity of performing backup and recovery operations. The term backup has become synonymous with data protection over the past several decades and maybe accomplished via several methods. To avoid this loss, implementing an efficient and effective set of backup operations can be difficult. Protecting data against loss, corruption, disasters (human-caused or natural), and other problems is one of the IT organizations' top priorities. A data loss event occurs due to deletion, corruption, theft, viruses, etc. The principle is to make copies of particular data to use those copies for restoring the information if a failure occurs. Backing-up is an important process that everyone should do to have a fail-safe for when the inevitable happens. Effectively backing up the files, networks, servers and other assets begin with addressing a network's capabilities and selecting the proper type of backup for the circumstances.Ī backup is a copy of the data that store in the cloud. There are various data backup types, each designed to address different risks, vulnerabilities and storage needs. The app will show the Moon’s path during the eclipse, the precise map of the eclipse, and other handy information. To check if the eclipse is visible from your exact location, use Eclipse Guide. Observers from Africa, the Middle East, and western Asia won’t see the event at all. Also, Western Europe and South America will miss the end of the eclipse because of the moonset. From western Asia, Australia, and New Zealand the early stages won’t be visible as they occur before moonrise. The area where this lunar eclipse, or at least its part, will be visible is huge! It includes North America (the best location for observation), parts of Europe, Alaska, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and the Pacific Ocean. It also will look almost as spectacular as the total eclipse - up to 97% of the lunar disk will slip into the Earth’s shadow! It will be the longest partial lunar eclipse between 20 with a duration of 3 hours, 28 minutes, and 23 seconds. The partial lunar eclipse will occur on November 19, 2021. To learn more about this phenomenon, watch our video about lunar eclipses. Unlike solar eclipses, lunar ones are safe for your eyes and can be seen without special eye protection. It happens because light from the Sun has to pass through the Earth’s atmosphere that filters out most blue light but lets in the red light. Lunar eclipses are pretty spectacular as the Moon appears blood-red during these events. A partial lunar eclipse, in its turn, means that the Earth’s shadow doesn’t fully cover the lunar disk and a part of it remains illuminated. This is called the lunar eclipse it occurs only during the Full Moon and is visible at nighttime. Thus the Earth’s shadow covers the Moon, and the sunlight doesn’t reach the lunar surface. Several times a year, the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon, blocking the sunlight that illuminates our natural satellite. Take the Quiz! What is a partial lunar eclipse? Can solar eclipses be seen from the Moon? When was a solar eclipse first recorded on video? Test your knowledge of solar and lunar eclipses with this quiz. |
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